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The iPhone 12 series launched in October 2020 and the iPhone 12 and the iPhone 12 Pro models made between Oct 2020 and April 2021 suffer from this hardware issue.
The issue is that these two iPhone 12 models do not emit sound from the receiver during incoming and outgoing calls. Apple acknowledged this on a support page, saying this was due to the failure of a component on the receiver module.
Apple offered free repair to the affected units within "3 years after the first retail sale of the unit".
The company first announced the free service for 2 years but in August 2022, it extended the program for 1 additional year. This offer expires in April 2024, and so, if yours is one of the last units manufactured in April 2021, haste before it's too late.
You can't check it by yourself as Apple doesn't provide the serial numbers of the affected models.
So, you have to either take your iPhone 12 or iPhone 12 Pro to an Apple Authorized Service Provider, Apple Retail Store (make an appointment here) or contact Apple Support to send the device to the Apple Repair Center via mail.
In case your device has damages that hinder the Apple Support folks from repairing the receiver module, those issues would be fixed first. You would be charged for the extra services. Also, before you send in the device, make a backup of the data as sometimes the iPhone could get reset as part of the repair.
Note, iPhone 12 mini and iPhone 12 Pro Max are not eligible for this service as they don't have the said issue.